Doctors at some of the country's largest hospital chains admit they went overboard with opioids to make people as pain-free as possible.
Now the doctors shoulder part of the blame for the country's opioid crisis. In an effort to be part of the cure, they've begun to issue an uncomfortable warning to patients: You're going to feel some pain.
Even for those who've never struggled with drug use, studies are finding that patients are at risk of addiction anytime they go under the knife.
"I had the C-section, had the kiddo," says Michelle Leavy. "And then they tell me, 'It's OK, you can keep taking the pain medications, it's fine.' "
Leavy, 30, is from Las Vegas. A mother of three and a paramedic, she has dealt with many people with addiction problems. She welcomed the high-dose intravenous narcotics while she was in the hospital and as she went home. She gladly followed doctors' orders and kept ahead of the pain with her Percocet pills.
But then she needed stronger doses. And pretty soon, she realized she was no longer treating pain. "Before I went to work I took them, and to get the kids after school I had to take them," she says. "Then I was taking them just to go to bed. I didn't really realize I had a problem until the problem was something more than I could have taken care of myself."
She said she was becoming like the patients with addiction problems that she transported by ambulance, lying to emergency room doctors to con a few extra doses.
She lost her job and her fiancé, before going to rehab through American Addiction Centers and stitching her life back together.
An About-Face On Opioids
Opioid addiction is a reality that has been completely disconnected from where it often starts — in a hospital.
Anesthesiologist David Alfery says he was rarely stingy with opioids. "If I could awaken them without any pain whatsoever, I was the slickest guy on the block and it was a matter of enormous pride," he says.
Alfery is part of a working group at the Nashville-based consulting firm Health Trust. It's helping hospitals to set aside some of their competitive interests to swap ideas about a top priority — reducing opioid use.
"It starts with patient expectations, and I think over the years, patients have come to expect more and more in terms of, 'I don't want any pain after surgery,' and it's an unrealistic expectation," Alfery says.
The expectation exists in part because pain treatment became an institutional priority. Hospitals are graded on how well they keep someone's pain at bay. And doctors can feel pressure from the institution, and on a personal level, to minimize pain.
"I just wanted my patient not to be in pain, thinking I was doing the right thing for them and certainly not [being] an outlier among my colleagues," says Dr. Mike Schlosser, chief medical officer for a division of HCA, the nation's largest for-profit hospital chain.
Schlosser spent a decade as a spinal surgeon putting his patients at HCA's flagship facility, Centennial Medical Center in Nashville, through some of the most painful procedures in medicine, like correcting back curvature. He says he genuinely just wanted to soothe the hurt he caused.
"But now looking back on it, I was putting them at significant risk for developing an addiction to those medications," he says.
Using HCA's vast trove of data, he's found that for orthopedic and back surgeries, the greatest risk isn't infection or some other complication — it's addiction.
So the nation's largest private hospital chain is rolling out a new protocol prior to surgery. It includes a conversation Schlosser basically never had when he was practicing medicine.
"We will treat the pain, but you should expect that you're going to have some pain. And you should also understand that taking a narcotic so that you have no pain really puts you at risk of becoming addicted to that narcotic," Schlosser tells patients.
Besides issuing the uncomfortable warning, sparing use of opioids also takes more work on the hospital's part — trying nerve blocks and finding the most effective blend of non-narcotics. Then after surgery, the nursing staff has to stick to it. If someone can get up and walk and cough without doubling over, maybe they don't need potentially addictive drugs, or at least not high doses of them.
There are potential benefits aside from avoiding addiction.
"I've had people tell me that the constipation was way worse than the kidney stone," says Dr. Valerie Norton, medical director at the Scripps Health System in San Diego, which is also working with Health Trust.
"There are lots of other complications from opioids — severe constipation, nausea, itching, hallucinations, sleepiness. We really need to treat these drugs with respect and give people informed consent and let people know these are not benign drugs."
Managing The Optics
Of course, from a business point of view, no one wants to run the hospital where it hurts more to be a patient.
You don't want people to think that they're being treated inappropriately, says John Young, national medical director of cardiovascular services for LifePoint Hospitals. But the Nashville-based hospital chain is putting special emphasis on how it handles people coming into the ER looking for pain medicine.
Young says tightening up on opioids becomes a delicate matter, but it's the right thing to do.
"We really do have a lot of responsibility and culpability and this burden, and so we have to make sure we do whatever we can to stem this tide and turn the ship in the other direction," he says.
While hospitals get their ship in order, some patients are taking personal responsibility.
Now that she's in recovery, Michelle Leavy won't touch opioids. That meant she had emergency gallbladder surgery in 2017 without any narcotics. She says it can be done.
"I mean, it hurt," she says. "But I lived."
Leavy says she was nervous about telling her doctors, but they were happy to find opioid alternatives.
This story is part of a reporting partnership with NPR, Nashville Public Radio and Kaiser Health News.
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KELLY MCEVERS, HOST:
Some hospitals are admitting they have prescribed too many opioids. Their goal was to keep patients as pain-free as possible before, during and after surgery. Now in an effort to be part of the solution to the country's opioid crisis, a few of the largest hospital chains are issuing an uncomfortable warning to patients. You're going to feel some pain. Blake Farmer of member station WPLN in Nashville reports.
BLAKE FARMER, BYLINE: Michelle Leavy welcomed the high-dose IV narcotics while she was in the hospital for a C-section.
MICHELLE LEAVY: I had the C-section, had the kiddo. And then they told me, you know, it's OK. You can keep taking the pain medications. It's fine.
FARMER: The Las Vegas mother of three is a paramedic who's dealt with many addicts herself, but she gladly followed doctor's orders and kept ahead of the surgical pain with her Percocet pills. But then she needed stronger doses until she was no longer treating pain.
LEAVY: And then I was taking them just to go to bed. I really didn't realize I had a problem until the problem was something more than I could have taken care of myself.
FARMER: She was becoming like the addicts she transported by ambulance, lying to ER doctors to con a few extra doses. Pretty soon she lost her job and her fiance before going to rehab and stitching her life back together. It's a reality that's been completely disconnected from where it often starts - in a hospital. Anesthesiologist David Alfery in Nashville says he was rarely stingy with opioids.
DAVID ALFERY: If I can waken them without any pain whatsoever, I was the slickest guy on the block. And it was a matter of enormous pride.
FARMER: Alfery's part of a working group at the Nashville-based consulting firm Health Trust, where hospitals have set aside some of their competitive interests to swap ideas on a top priority - reducing opioid use.
ALFERY: Over the years, patients have come to expect more and more in terms of, I don't want any pain after surgery. And it's an unrealistic expectation.
FARMER: Hospitals have been graded on how well they keep someone's pain at bay. And doctors can feel some pressure on that institutional level as well as a personal one, says Mike Schlosser, a former spinal surgeon.
MIKE SCHLOSSER: I just wanted my patient not to be in pain, thinking I was doing the right thing for them and certainly, you know, was not an outlier amongst my colleagues.
FARMER: Spine surgeries like correcting back curvature can be especially painful. He says he wanted to soothe the hurt he caused.
SCHLOSSER: Looking back on it, I was putting them at significant risk for developing an addiction to those medications.
FARMER: Schlosser is now a top medical officer for the country's largest private hospital chain. At HCA, he's found that for orthopedic and back surgeries, the greatest risk isn't infection or some other complication. It's addiction. So HCA is rolling out a new protocol. It includes a pre-op conversation Schlosser rarely had himself.
SCHLOSSER: We will treat the pain, but you should expect that you're going to have some pain. And you should also understand that taking a narcotic so that you have no pain really puts you at risk of becoming addicted to that narcotic.
FARMER: In addition to the uncomfortable warning, sparing use of opioids also takes more work, trying nerve blocks and finding the most effective blend of non-narcotics to treat pain. And everyone in the hospital has to stick to it. John Young, a medical director for LifePoint Hospitals, says businesswise, no one wants to be known as the place where it hurts more.
JOHN YOUNG: You don't want to portray the fact that you're not going to treat people appropriately.
FARMER: But he says it's critical that hospitals tighten up on opioids.
YOUNG: We really do have a lot of responsibility and culpability and this burden. So we do have to make sure that we do whatever we can to turn the ship in the other direction.
FARMER: After going to rehab following her C-section, Michelle Leavy had gallbladder surgery last year without any narcotics before, during or after.
LEAVY: I mean, it hurt, but I lived.
FARMER: Leavy says she was nervous about telling her doctors, but they were happy to find opioid alternatives. For NPR News, I'm Blake Farmer in Nashville.
MCEVERS: This story is part of a reporting partnership with NPR, Nashville Public Radio and Kaiser Health News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.