Need another reason to get the flu shot if you're pregnant?
A study out this week shows that pregnant women with the flu who are hospitalized in an intensive care unit are four times more likely to deliver babies prematurely and four and a half times more likely to have a baby of low birth weight.
Researchers compared 490 pregnant women with the flu and 1,451 who did not have the flu. Sixty-four of the women with flu were so ill that they were admitted to a hospital ICU. The results appear in the journal Birth Defects Research.
The study also found that babies of the most seriously ill women were eight times more likely to have low Apgar scores, a measure of a baby's health in the minutes after birth. The test assesses the baby's color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone and breathing.
It's not clear exactly how being in the ICU may have affected the newborns, says Dr. Sonja Rasmussen of the University of Florida College of Medicine, one of the study's authors. She doesn't think the virus itself causes the problems, but concedes there's not enough information to draw firm conclusions.
More likely, Rasmussen believes, the problems arise because pregnant women with the flu are at "greater risk of getting pneumonia, of needing to be hospitalized and even being admitted to an intensive care unit," she says.
"When moms are in the ICU, they often need help breathing, they need a ventilator to breath for them, and it may be that there is some period of time where they aren't breathing well enough to get adequate oxygen to the baby," says Rasmussen.
For pregnant women in the study who were diagnosed with flu but who were able to stay home — and even those with flu who were hospitalized but not admitted to the ICU — there was no significant increase in risk for adverse health outcomes for their babies.
Rasmussen says it's possible that nutrition plays a role in the newborns' problems. "When you're having trouble breathing, you have trouble eating and it may be that mom wasn't getting good nutrition during her time in the ICU."
Rasmussen says the findings underscore the importance of pregnant women receiving the influenza vaccine and getting prompt treatment with antiviral medications.
Prior to the 2009 pandemic, only about 20 to 30 percent of pregnant women got the flu vaccine. After doctors and health professionals strongly urged vaccination, the rate increased to about 50 percent.
"Since then, flu vaccine rates have stagnated" as memories of the pandemic have faded, says obstetrician-gynecologist Dr. Denise Jamieson of Emory University School of Medicine. The "vast majority" of pregnant women should be vaccinated, she says.
Jamieson says the reasons patients give for not getting the vaccine are numerous. Some say they've just never had the flu before and don't expect to get it while pregnant, which "doesn't mean they'll avoid the flu this season," she says.
Others say they got the vaccine in the past and it made them sick. That's unlikely, Jamieson says. The flu vaccine does not contain active virus, but rather is a "killed" virus vaccine, and therefore not infectious.
Still other patients worry the vaccine might not be safe for their developing baby. That's another fallacy, Jamieson says.
"This is a vaccine we have been giving in pregnancy for many decades and there is no indication of any problems," she says. "It's a safe vaccine and we know more about this vaccine than any other vaccine in pregnancy."
And, importantly, it has huge benefits which include "safeguarding pregnant women and their infants against what could be devastating complications of influenza," she says.
When women get vaccinated, they make antibodies to fight the virus. Those antibodies can cross the placenta and protect the baby from severe illness, which is important, Jamieson says, because infants' immune systems are still developing and they can't be vaccinated until they are 6-months-old.
So the vaccine "provides some protection from birth up to six months of age," she says.
And it's never too late or too early to get the vaccine, according to Jamieson. Pregnant women should get their flu vaccine as "soon as it's available," she says.
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